Términos de trading, explicados de forma sencilla
100 términos esenciales que todo trader novato debe conocer. Sin jerga, ejemplos reales y el error que comete la mayoría de principiantes con cada uno.
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1% Rule
🛡️ Risk Management- Qué significa
- A simple risk rule: never risk more than 1% of your total account on a single trade. It keeps any one loss from doing real damage.
- Ejemplo
- On a $10,000 account, 1% is $100. If your stop is $5 below entry, you can buy 20 shares. Even 10 losing trades in a row leave you with $9,000 -- survivable.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners confuse "1% risk" with "1% of the position." Risking 1% means the loss if your stop is hit equals 1% of the account, not that the position size is 1% of the account.
- Términos relacionados
Ask
📘 Basics- Qué significa
- The lowest price a seller is currently willing to accept. It is the price you pay if you buy right now.
- Ejemplo
- If AAPL shows an ask of $150.05, a buyer using a market order to buy 1 share pays $150.05 per share.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners assume the price on the screen is what they pay, then are surprised the fill comes in at the ask, which is always slightly higher than the mid price they were watching.
- Términos relacionados
Backtesting
🧠 Psychology- Qué significa
- Running a strategy over historical data to see how it would have performed, before risking real money on it. It is the lab test for a trading idea.
- Ejemplo
- You test "buy the 50/200 SMA crossover on AAPL, 2010-2024" and find 28 trades, a 46% win rate, and +0.4R per trade. The strategy is marginally profitable -- worth paper-trading next.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners over-tune settings until the backtest looks perfect, then lose live. A perfectly fit backtest is overfit -- it predicts the past, not the future. Test out-of-sample data too.
- Términos relacionados
Bear Market
📘 Basics- Qué significa
- A market where prices are falling, usually defined as a drop of 20% or more from recent highs. Pessimism and selling dominate buying.
- Ejemplo
- In 2022 the S&P 500 fell from about 4,796 to 3,636, a 24% decline, meeting the common definition of a bear market.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners try to "buy the dip" in a bear market the same way they would in a bull market, catching falling knives all the way down because dips keep making new lows.
- Términos relacionados
Bid
📘 Basics- Qué significa
- The highest price someone is currently offering to pay for an asset. It is the price you get if you sell right now.
- Ejemplo
- If AAPL shows a bid of $150.00, a seller using a market order to sell 1 share receives $150.00 per share.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners stare at the last traded price and assume that is what they will get, but the bid -- the live offer to buy -- is the real cash-out price the instant you sell.
- Términos relacionados
Bollinger Bands
📊 Technical Analysis- Qué significa
- Two lines plotted two standard deviations above and below a 20-period moving average. They widen when volatility rises and squeeze tight when it falls.
- Ejemplo
- Price normally stays within the bands. When it closes outside the upper band at $120, with the middle band at $110, it is stretching -- a pullback or stronger volatility may follow.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners short the upper band and buy the lower band blindly. Touching the band is not a signal; the band can ride along with price for days in a strong trend.
- Términos relacionados
Bracket Order
📋 Order Types- Qué significa
- A single order that, once filled, automatically attaches a take-profit and a stop-loss to it. It defines your risk and target before you enter.
- Ejemplo
- You enter a bracket buy of 100 shares at $100. The bracket sets a take-profit at $110 and a stop at $95 -- filling either one cancels the other automatically.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners trade without brackets and try to manage exits manually under stress, which is exactly when they freeze. Pre-defined brackets remove the in-the-moment decision.
- Términos relacionados
Break-Even
📋 Order Types- Qué significa
- Moving your stop-loss up to your entry price so the trade can no longer lose money. It protects capital once the trade is in profit.
- Ejemplo
- You buy at $100, price rises to $108, so you move your stop from $95 to $100. Now if price falls back, you exit with $0 loss instead of a $5 loss.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners move to break-even too early and get stopped out by normal noise before the real move develops, missing the big win they were right about.
- Términos relacionados
Breakout
📊 Technical Analysis- Qué significa
- When price moves clearly beyond a support or resistance level, often with rising volume. It hints that a new move in the breakout direction has started.
- Ejemplo
- A stock has rejected $100 five times. On the sixth attempt it closes at $102 on twice the normal volume -- that breakout suggests $100 is now support and $110+ is in play.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners chase the breakout candle at the very top, then watch price reverse in a "fakeout." Waiting for a retest of the broken level gives a safer entry and a clear stop.
- Términos relacionados
Broker
🏗️ Market Structure- Qué significa
- The company that holds your account, takes your orders, and routes them to exchanges. You trade through a broker, not directly with other traders.
- Ejemplo
- You open an account with a broker like Interactive Brokers, deposit $5,000, and place orders through their platform. They route each order to an exchange and report fills back to you.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners pick a broker based on ads, then discover slow execution, wide spreads, or withdrawal issues. Always check regulation, fees, and execution quality before depositing.
- Términos relacionados
Bull Market
📘 Basics- Qué significa
- A market where prices are rising or expected to rise over a sustained period. Traders are optimistic and buying dominates selling.
- Ejemplo
- From March 2009 to early 2020, the S&P 500 rose from about 676 to 3,386 -- a long bull market that multiplied invested money roughly five times.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners assume a bull market means "stocks only go up" and buy with no stop-loss, then are shocked when a normal 10-20% pullback within a bull market hits them.
- Términos relacionados
Candlestick
📊 Technical Analysis- Qué significa
- A bar that shows the open, high, low, and close price for a period. The body is colored (green/red) by whether close was above or below open.
- Ejemplo
- A green 1-hour candle with open $100, close $105, low $99, high $106 has a $5 green body and thin wicks above and below -- price rose over the hour.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners read one candle in isolation and call it a signal. A single candle means almost nothing; what matters is where it forms relative to the surrounding context.
- Términos relacionados
Chart Pattern
📊 Technical Analysis- Qué significa
- A recognizable shape formed by price over time that, based on history, hints at what price may do next. Examples include head and shoulders, flags, and triangles.
- Ejemplo
- A head and shoulders pattern at the top of a long rally -- two smaller peaks around a taller middle peak -- is a classic hint that the up trend may be ending.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners see patterns everywhere, even in random noise. If you have to squint and redraw lines to make it fit, it is not a pattern -- it is wishful thinking.
- Términos relacionados
Circuit Breaker
🏗️ Market Structure- Qué significa
- A market-wide rule that pauses all trading if a major index falls a set amount in a day, to let traders calm down. Different levels trigger longer pauses.
- Ejemplo
- In the US, if the S&P 500 drops 7% before 3:25 p.m., trading halts for 15 minutes (Level 1). A 13% drop triggers another 15-minute halt; a 20% drop ends trading for the day.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners expect their stop-loss to protect them during a circuit-breaker halt. It cannot -- once trading resumes, price may gap straight through your stop to a much worse fill.
- Términos relacionados
Correlation
🛡️ Risk Management- Qué significa
- How much two assets move together, from -1 (opposite) to +1 (identical). 0 means no relationship. It decides whether diversification is real.
- Ejemplo
- Two tech stocks might have +0.85 correlation -- they usually rise and fall together, so holding both barely reduces risk. A tech stock and gold might be near 0, giving real diversification.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners assume "different tickers = diversified." In a crash, correlations jump toward 1 and everything falls together; true diversification needs assets that are uncorrelated in bad times.
- Términos relacionados
Day Order
📋 Order Types- Qué significa
- An order that is automatically canceled at the end of the trading day if it has not filled. Most orders are day orders by default.
- Ejemplo
- A day buy limit at $100 on AAPL placed at 10:00 a.m. is canceled at 4:00 p.m. if AAPL never reached $100 during the session.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners assume their unfilled limit order will keep working tomorrow. By default it dies at the close; you must re-place it each day or use a GTC order.
- Términos relacionados
Day Trading
♟️ Strategies- Qué significa
- A style where you open and close all trades within the same day, holding nothing overnight. It avoids overnight gap risk but requires constant attention.
- Ejemplo
- A day trader buys AAPL at $150 at 10 a.m., rides it to $152.50, and sells at 2 p.m. They are flat (no position) by the 4 p.m. close, so a bad overnight news event cannot hurt them.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners hold "just until tomorrow" when a day trade goes against them, turning a planned day trade into a risky overnight position. The one time it gaps down is the one that hurts.
- Términos relacionados
Diversification
🛡️ Risk Management- Qué significa
- Spreading risk across different assets, strategies, or markets so a single bad event cannot seriously hurt the whole account.
- Ejemplo
- Holding long tech stocks, long gold, and a short index hedge means a tech crash hurts one slice but not all three -- the portfolio is more stable than 100% tech.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners think holding 10 tech stocks is "diversified." If they all move together, you have one position in disguise. Real diversification needs assets that move differently.
- Términos relacionados
Doji
📊 Technical Analysis- Qué significa
- A candle where open and close are nearly equal, making a thin cross or plus shape. It signals indecision between buyers and sellers.
- Ejemplo
- A stock opens at $100, swings up to $102 and down to $98, then closes at $100.02. The tiny body and long wicks form a doji -- buyers and sellers fought to a draw.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners treat every doji as a reversal signal. A doji in the middle of a trend means nothing; one at a key support or resistance level is the only one worth watching.
- Términos relacionados
Double Bottom
📊 Technical Analysis- Qué significa
- A reversal pattern where price hits the same low twice and then rallies. It looks like a "W" and hints that the down trend has run out of sellers.
- Ejemplo
- A stock drops to $50, bounces to $58, falls back to $50, and rallies. Two bounces off $50 form a double bottom, hinting an up move may follow.
- ⚠ Error común de principiantes
- Beginners buy the second bottom before confirmation. Wait for price to break above the $58 peak between the bottoms; buying early can mean catching a falling knife if $50 breaks.
- Términos relacionados