Термины трейдинга, простыми словами
100 ключевых терминов, которые должен знать каждый начинающий трейдер. Без жаргона, на реальных примерах, и ошибка, которую совершают большинство новичков с каждым из них.
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1% Rule
🛡️ Risk Management- Что это значит
- A simple risk rule: never risk more than 1% of your total account on a single trade. It keeps any one loss from doing real damage.
- Пример
- On a $10,000 account, 1% is $100. If your stop is $5 below entry, you can buy 20 shares. Even 10 losing trades in a row leave you with $9,000 -- survivable.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners confuse "1% risk" with "1% of the position." Risking 1% means the loss if your stop is hit equals 1% of the account, not that the position size is 1% of the account.
- Связанные термины
Ask
📘 Basics- Что это значит
- The lowest price a seller is currently willing to accept. It is the price you pay if you buy right now.
- Пример
- If AAPL shows an ask of $150.05, a buyer using a market order to buy 1 share pays $150.05 per share.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners assume the price on the screen is what they pay, then are surprised the fill comes in at the ask, which is always slightly higher than the mid price they were watching.
- Связанные термины
Backtesting
🧠 Psychology- Что это значит
- Running a strategy over historical data to see how it would have performed, before risking real money on it. It is the lab test for a trading idea.
- Пример
- You test "buy the 50/200 SMA crossover on AAPL, 2010-2024" and find 28 trades, a 46% win rate, and +0.4R per trade. The strategy is marginally profitable -- worth paper-trading next.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners over-tune settings until the backtest looks perfect, then lose live. A perfectly fit backtest is overfit -- it predicts the past, not the future. Test out-of-sample data too.
- Связанные термины
Bear Market
📘 Basics- Что это значит
- A market where prices are falling, usually defined as a drop of 20% or more from recent highs. Pessimism and selling dominate buying.
- Пример
- In 2022 the S&P 500 fell from about 4,796 to 3,636, a 24% decline, meeting the common definition of a bear market.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners try to "buy the dip" in a bear market the same way they would in a bull market, catching falling knives all the way down because dips keep making new lows.
- Связанные термины
Bid
📘 Basics- Что это значит
- The highest price someone is currently offering to pay for an asset. It is the price you get if you sell right now.
- Пример
- If AAPL shows a bid of $150.00, a seller using a market order to sell 1 share receives $150.00 per share.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners stare at the last traded price and assume that is what they will get, but the bid -- the live offer to buy -- is the real cash-out price the instant you sell.
- Связанные термины
Bollinger Bands
📊 Technical Analysis- Что это значит
- Two lines plotted two standard deviations above and below a 20-period moving average. They widen when volatility rises and squeeze tight when it falls.
- Пример
- Price normally stays within the bands. When it closes outside the upper band at $120, with the middle band at $110, it is stretching -- a pullback or stronger volatility may follow.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners short the upper band and buy the lower band blindly. Touching the band is not a signal; the band can ride along with price for days in a strong trend.
- Связанные термины
Bracket Order
📋 Order Types- Что это значит
- A single order that, once filled, automatically attaches a take-profit and a stop-loss to it. It defines your risk and target before you enter.
- Пример
- You enter a bracket buy of 100 shares at $100. The bracket sets a take-profit at $110 and a stop at $95 -- filling either one cancels the other automatically.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners trade without brackets and try to manage exits manually under stress, which is exactly when they freeze. Pre-defined brackets remove the in-the-moment decision.
- Связанные термины
Break-Even
📋 Order Types- Что это значит
- Moving your stop-loss up to your entry price so the trade can no longer lose money. It protects capital once the trade is in profit.
- Пример
- You buy at $100, price rises to $108, so you move your stop from $95 to $100. Now if price falls back, you exit with $0 loss instead of a $5 loss.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners move to break-even too early and get stopped out by normal noise before the real move develops, missing the big win they were right about.
- Связанные термины
Breakout
📊 Technical Analysis- Что это значит
- When price moves clearly beyond a support or resistance level, often with rising volume. It hints that a new move in the breakout direction has started.
- Пример
- A stock has rejected $100 five times. On the sixth attempt it closes at $102 on twice the normal volume -- that breakout suggests $100 is now support and $110+ is in play.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners chase the breakout candle at the very top, then watch price reverse in a "fakeout." Waiting for a retest of the broken level gives a safer entry and a clear stop.
- Связанные термины
Broker
🏗️ Market Structure- Что это значит
- The company that holds your account, takes your orders, and routes them to exchanges. You trade through a broker, not directly with other traders.
- Пример
- You open an account with a broker like Interactive Brokers, deposit $5,000, and place orders through their platform. They route each order to an exchange and report fills back to you.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners pick a broker based on ads, then discover slow execution, wide spreads, or withdrawal issues. Always check regulation, fees, and execution quality before depositing.
- Связанные термины
Bull Market
📘 Basics- Что это значит
- A market where prices are rising or expected to rise over a sustained period. Traders are optimistic and buying dominates selling.
- Пример
- From March 2009 to early 2020, the S&P 500 rose from about 676 to 3,386 -- a long bull market that multiplied invested money roughly five times.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners assume a bull market means "stocks only go up" and buy with no stop-loss, then are shocked when a normal 10-20% pullback within a bull market hits them.
- Связанные термины
Candlestick
📊 Technical Analysis- Что это значит
- A bar that shows the open, high, low, and close price for a period. The body is colored (green/red) by whether close was above or below open.
- Пример
- A green 1-hour candle with open $100, close $105, low $99, high $106 has a $5 green body and thin wicks above and below -- price rose over the hour.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners read one candle in isolation and call it a signal. A single candle means almost nothing; what matters is where it forms relative to the surrounding context.
- Связанные термины
Chart Pattern
📊 Technical Analysis- Что это значит
- A recognizable shape formed by price over time that, based on history, hints at what price may do next. Examples include head and shoulders, flags, and triangles.
- Пример
- A head and shoulders pattern at the top of a long rally -- two smaller peaks around a taller middle peak -- is a classic hint that the up trend may be ending.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners see patterns everywhere, even in random noise. If you have to squint and redraw lines to make it fit, it is not a pattern -- it is wishful thinking.
- Связанные термины
Circuit Breaker
🏗️ Market Structure- Что это значит
- A market-wide rule that pauses all trading if a major index falls a set amount in a day, to let traders calm down. Different levels trigger longer pauses.
- Пример
- In the US, if the S&P 500 drops 7% before 3:25 p.m., trading halts for 15 minutes (Level 1). A 13% drop triggers another 15-minute halt; a 20% drop ends trading for the day.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners expect their stop-loss to protect them during a circuit-breaker halt. It cannot -- once trading resumes, price may gap straight through your stop to a much worse fill.
- Связанные термины
Correlation
🛡️ Risk Management- Что это значит
- How much two assets move together, from -1 (opposite) to +1 (identical). 0 means no relationship. It decides whether diversification is real.
- Пример
- Two tech stocks might have +0.85 correlation -- they usually rise and fall together, so holding both barely reduces risk. A tech stock and gold might be near 0, giving real diversification.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners assume "different tickers = diversified." In a crash, correlations jump toward 1 and everything falls together; true diversification needs assets that are uncorrelated in bad times.
- Связанные термины
Day Order
📋 Order Types- Что это значит
- An order that is automatically canceled at the end of the trading day if it has not filled. Most orders are day orders by default.
- Пример
- A day buy limit at $100 on AAPL placed at 10:00 a.m. is canceled at 4:00 p.m. if AAPL never reached $100 during the session.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners assume their unfilled limit order will keep working tomorrow. By default it dies at the close; you must re-place it each day or use a GTC order.
- Связанные термины
Day Trading
♟️ Strategies- Что это значит
- A style where you open and close all trades within the same day, holding nothing overnight. It avoids overnight gap risk but requires constant attention.
- Пример
- A day trader buys AAPL at $150 at 10 a.m., rides it to $152.50, and sells at 2 p.m. They are flat (no position) by the 4 p.m. close, so a bad overnight news event cannot hurt them.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners hold "just until tomorrow" when a day trade goes against them, turning a planned day trade into a risky overnight position. The one time it gaps down is the one that hurts.
- Связанные термины
Diversification
🛡️ Risk Management- Что это значит
- Spreading risk across different assets, strategies, or markets so a single bad event cannot seriously hurt the whole account.
- Пример
- Holding long tech stocks, long gold, and a short index hedge means a tech crash hurts one slice but not all three -- the portfolio is more stable than 100% tech.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners think holding 10 tech stocks is "diversified." If they all move together, you have one position in disguise. Real diversification needs assets that move differently.
- Связанные термины
Doji
📊 Technical Analysis- Что это значит
- A candle where open and close are nearly equal, making a thin cross or plus shape. It signals indecision between buyers and sellers.
- Пример
- A stock opens at $100, swings up to $102 and down to $98, then closes at $100.02. The tiny body and long wicks form a doji -- buyers and sellers fought to a draw.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners treat every doji as a reversal signal. A doji in the middle of a trend means nothing; one at a key support or resistance level is the only one worth watching.
- Связанные термины
Double Bottom
📊 Technical Analysis- Что это значит
- A reversal pattern where price hits the same low twice and then rallies. It looks like a "W" and hints that the down trend has run out of sellers.
- Пример
- A stock drops to $50, bounces to $58, falls back to $50, and rallies. Two bounces off $50 form a double bottom, hinting an up move may follow.
- ⚠ Ошибка новичков
- Beginners buy the second bottom before confirmation. Wait for price to break above the $58 peak between the bottoms; buying early can mean catching a falling knife if $50 breaks.
- Связанные термины